Doctorate-through-Research (DTR) and/or Doctorate-through-Publication/Portfolio (DTP) programmes allows those professionals who have not followed the traditional academic route toward a doctorate degree to nevertheless obtain the highest academic recognition for having undertaken and produced practically-based, innovative research, and independently developed their research and other related analytical problem-solving skills and subject knowledge up to the Doctoral level. This may also include professionals entering higher education in mid-career, especially in practice-based disciplines such as management, education, public health, psychology, business administration, commerce, law, sciences and many more.